Pokémon Gold and Silver

Pokémon Gold and Silver
Pokémongold.png
North American box art for Pokémon Gold
Developer(s) Game Freak
Publisher(s) Nintendo, The Pokémon Company
Director(s) Satoshi Tajiri
Junichi Masuda
Artist(s) Ken Sugimori
Composer(s) Junichi Masuda
Go Ichinose
Series Pokémon
Platform(s) Game Boy Color (with SGB and Game Boy support)
Release date(s)
  • JP November 21, 1999[1]
  • AUS September 4, 2000
Genre(s) Console role-playing game
Mode(s) Single player, Multiplayer
Rating(s)
Media Cartridge

Pokémon Gold Version and Silver Version (ポケットモンスター 金・銀 Poketto Monsutā Kin Gin?, "Pocket Monsters: Gold & Silver") are the second installments of the Pokémon series of role-playing video games developed by Game Freak and published by Nintendo for the Game Boy Color. They were first released in Japan in 1999 and to Australia and North America in 2000 and Europe in 2001. Pokémon Crystal, a special edition version, was released for the same console roughly a year later in each region. In 2009, Nintendo remade Gold and Silver for the Nintendo DS as Pokémon HeartGold and SoulSilver.

The games are set in the fictional Johto region, which introduces 100 new species of Pokémon, and follow the progress of the central character, whose name the player may choose, in his quest to master Pokémon battling. Both games are independent of each other but feature largely the same plot and, while both can be played separately, it is necessary to trade between them and their backward compatible predecessors in order to fully complete the games' Pokédexes. The Johto Saga of the Pokémon anime is based on the new region introduced in the games.

Pokémon Gold and Silver continued the enormous success of its predecessors as Pokémon began to form into a multi-billion dollar franchise. The games almost matched the sales Pokémon Red and Blue and went on to jointly sell millions of copies worldwide.

Contents

Gameplay

The player's level 18 Croconaw battles a level 13 Snubbull.

Like Pokémon Red, Blue and Yellow, Pokémon Gold and Silver are played from a top-down perspective, with players directly navigating the protagonist around the fictional universe, interacting with objects and people. As the player explores this world he or she will encounter different terrains, such as grassy fields, forests, caves, and seas; in which different Pokémon species reside. As the player randomly encounters one of these creatures, the field switches to a turn-based "battle scene", where the Pokémon will fight.[2]

There are two main goals within the games: following through the main storyline and defeating the Elite Four and Lance to become the new Champion,[3] and completing the Pokédex by capturing, evolving, and trading to obtain all 251 creatures. A major aspect of this is developing and raising the player's Pokémon by battling other Pokémon, which can be found in the wild or owned by other Trainers. This system of accumulating experience points and leveling up, characteristic and integral to all Pokémon video games, controls the physical properties of the Pokémon, such as the battle statistics acquired, and the moves learned.[4]

New features

While Pokémon Gold and Silver retain the basic mechanics of capturing, battling, and evolving introduced in Pokémon Red and Blue, new features were added. A time system was introduced using a real-time internal clock that keeps track of the current time and day of the week. Certain events, including Pokémon appearances, are influenced by this feature.[2] New items were added, with some designed to exploit a new mechanic: Pokémon being able to hold items.[5] A new type of item able to be held was the berry, which comes in varieties and can restore health or cure status effects. Other held items can give boosts to the Pokémon during battle. More specialized Poké Balls were introduced, which make Pokémon catching easier in certain situations.[6] A new item called the Pokégear was introduced, functioning as a watch, map, radio, and phone, allowing the player to call other characters who offer their phone number. Trainers will call for a rematch and others will call about rare Pokémon that can be caught in a certain area.[7]

The games introduce Raikou, Entei, and Suicune, a new type of legendary Pokémon that wander around Johto, changing locations frequently.[8] They can be tracked by the Pokédex once encountered, and will always attempt to flee, but will retain HP loss and status effects. In addition there is the possibility of encountering a shiny Pokémon, which have a different coloration than normal Pokémon of their species, and appear very rarely.[9] Two new Pokémon types were added, the Steel-type and the Dark-type.[10] Steel-type Pokémon have very high defense and resistance to other types, while Dark-type Pokémon are immune to Psychic-type moves and are strong against Psychic-type Pokémon.[4] In Gold and Silver, new moves were added, but Pokémon knowing new moves are not allowed to be traded to the first generation games. To solve this, a move deleter was introduced, capable of erasing moves known by the Pokémon. Another major change was the splitting of the Special stat into Special Attack and Special Defense, which increased aspects of strategy.[4]

With the introduction of Pokémon breeding, Pokémon are assigned to one or two breeding groups. When a male and female Pokémon that share at least one breeding group are left at a Pokémon Daycare, they may produce an egg, which will hatch into a young Pokémon.[11] The young Pokémon will inherit the species of its mother, and moves from its father. However, legendary Pokémon, among certain other species, cannot breed.[12]

Setting and plot

Pokémon Gold and Silver take place in Johto three years after the events of the games' predecessors "Red" and "Blue", which take place in the Kanto region. Johto is a fictional region modeled after the Kansai and Tokai regions of Japan. This is one distinct region shown in the various Pokémon video games. It features a total of seven cities and three towns, along with different geographical locations and Routes connecting most locations to one another. Some areas are only accessible once the player learns a special ability or gains a special item; for instance, the player must acquire the HM Surf, which allows the character to ride certain Pokémon across the sea, in order to reach Cianwood City.[13]

The silent protagonist of Pokémon Gold and Silver is a young boy who lives in New Bark Town. At the beginning of the games, players may choose either Chikorita, Cyndaquil, or Totodile, as their starter Pokémon from Professor Elm.[10] In addition, his rival will steal a Pokémon from Professor Elm and battle the player at certain points in the game to test the player's Pokémon.[7]

The basic goal of the game is to become the best trainer in Johto and Kanto; which is done by raising Pokémon, completing the Pokédex, defeating the eight Gym Leaders in Johto for Gym Badges, and challenging the Elite Four and the Champion, and then defeating the eight Gym Leaders in Kanto. Finally, the player may face off against Red atop of Mt. Silver.[14] Throughout the game, the player will have to battle against the forces of Team Rocket, a criminal organization that abuses Pokémon.[6]

Development and release

Gold and Silver were first publicly showcased at the 1999 Nintendo SpaceWorld Expo in Japan, becoming the most popular exhibit at the program. Unlike the last game of the series, Pokémon Yellow, the new titles were announced to be more than a small upgrade to Pokémon Red and Blue. Instead, they would feature a new storyline, a new world, and new species of Pokémon. Gold and Silver were designed for the Game Boy Color, allowing them full color support and more detailed sprites. Other additions that were shown included Pokémon breeding, held items, an in-game gadget known as the PokéGear, a real-time internal clock, and backward compatibility with the previous games in the series.[15]

During an ABC News interview, president of Creatures Inc. Tsunekazu Ishihara gave insight into the brainstorming process for developing new Pokémon species. He explained, "[t]hese ideas for each of these monsters came from the imagination of the software developers at Game Freak who get these ideas from their childhood experiences, including from reading Manga, the name for Japanese comic books. Ideas come from scary experiences they had as kids, catching insects, and so forth. So from these experiences in childhood, these ideas for Pokemon came out."[16] In the same vein as the Pokémon Mew of the Red and Blue versions, the exclusive Pokémon Celebi was implemented in the Gold and Silver games but is only accessible after attending a Nintendo promotional event. The first official event offering Celebi was Nintendo Space World 2000 in Japan, in which 100,000 attendees would be awarded the rare Pokémon. In order to be selected, players had to send in a postcard to enter a lottery for one of 100,000 certificates of Celebi, allowing them to enter the event and obtain it.[17]

The games were announced for release in Japan in November 1999 and at the same time a U.S. release date was estimated for September 2000.[18] Nintendo announced the release of the Pocket Pikachu Color, a full-color portable digital pet similar to the one released the year before. The unit was made compatible with Gold and Silver, allowing the transfer of in-game currency known as "watt points." Pocket Pikachu Color was slated for release in Japan on November 21, 1999, the same day as the release of Gold and Silver.[19] In addition, an officially-licensed Pikachu-themed Game Link Cable developed by Kemco was set for release in Japan on November 18, 1999. The product functions like a normal Game Link Cable and consists of a yellow cable with a figure of Pikachu on one end, and a Poké Ball on the other.[20]

Anticipating high sales, Nintendo set its first production shipment for the games in Japan at three million, predicting that eventually more than eight million copies would be sold in the country alone.[21] However, they were soon forced to cut the first shipment number in half following an earthquake in Taiwan, which Nintendo claimed had damaged their cartridge manufacturing facilities. Regardless, speculation arose that Nintendo was instead using the event as an excuse to limit shipment and keep the demand high.[22]

A Lugia PT Cruiser driving around the U.S.

As a precursor to the North American release, Gold and Silver were displayed for audiences to interact with at the 2000 American International Toy Fair in New York City.[23] To further promote the games, Nintendo modified five Chrysler PT Cruisers to resemble the new Pokémon Lugia and had them driven around the U.S. The vehicles had fins and tails attached to them and were painted with logos and images of the Pokémon franchise. In addition, they were equipped with a television set hooked up to game consoles which allowed spectators to play Pokémon Puzzle League, Hey You, Pikachu!, and Pokémon Gold and Silver.[24] The television series Pokémon GS, based on the games, was announced to be a part of the fall lineup on Kids' WB. The show would feature the same protagonist Ash Ketchum in a new region with different Pokémon species from the games.[25] The Americanized names of the 100 new Pokémon were kept confidential by Nintendo, with the company releasing names periodically. The domain names 'pokemongold.com' and 'pokemonsilver.com' were registered for this very purpose,[26] and such names released included Chikorita, Lugia, Ho-Oh, Togepi, Hoothoot, and Marill.[27]

In May 2000 Nintendo announced the official North American release date of Gold and Silver to be on October 16 of that year.[28] Nintendo started accepting pre-orders for the games in August,[29] and announced that consumers who pre-ordered one of the games would receive a free CD-ROM with a Pokémon-themed web browser developed by Media Browser which featured floating Pokémon species and links to Pokémon sites. The application was available for download on the official Pokémon website.[30] The games broke record sales as approximately 600,000 copies of them were pre-ordered in just two months, compared to Pokémon Yellow's number of 150,000.[29] As the release date neared, retailers such as Electronics Boutique reported receiving shipments of games earlier than October 16, and opted to sell them immediately; first giving them to pre-orderers and then selling the leftover copies. The games were obtainable as early as October 11.[31]

Reception

 Reception
Aggregate scores
Aggregator Score
GameRankings 89%[32]
Review scores
Publication Score
GameSpot 8.8 of 10[10]
IGN 10 of 10[2]
Nintendo Power 8.7 of 10[32]

Pokémon Gold and Silver continued the enormous success of its predecessors, beginning the formation of Pokémon into a multi-billion dollar franchise.[33] As of April 2000 roughly 6.5 million copies of the games had been sold in Japan. Silver proved to be the slightly more popular version, edging out Gold by approximately 100,000 copies.[34] By the first week of their release in the U.S. the games had eclipsed Pokémon Yellow's previous record sales of a little over 600,000 copies; selling a combined total of 1.4 million copies to become the fastest selling games ever.[35][36] The commercial success was expected, as Peter Main, the executive vice president of sales and marketing, stated "There's no question about it; kids love to play Pokemon. [sic] So far in 2000 the best-selling game in America for any home console is Pokemon Stadium(TM) for Nintendo(R) 64, and the best-selling game for any handheld video game system is Pokemon [sic] Yellow for Game Boy Color, but Pokemon [sic] Gold and Silver will eclipse even those impressive sales totals. We project sales of 10 million units total of these two games in less than six months time."[36]

Reviews from critics were mostly strong, with many saying that the extended length of gameplay and the new features were valued additions that kept the sequels as interesting as the original games. Craig Harris of IGN gave the games a "masterful" 10 out of 10 rating, stating that "As awesome as the original Pokémon edition was, Pokémon Gold and Silver blow it away in gameplay elements, features, and goodies. There are so many little additions to the design it's impossible to list them all"[2] There was particular praise given to the innovative internal clock feature, with Frank Povo of GameSpot, noting "The first major addition to Pokémon GS is the presence of a time element... Although it may sound like a gimmick, the addition of a clock adds quite a bit of variety to the game." Povo went on to give the games a "great" 8.8 rating.[11] Nintendo Power listed the Gold and Silver versions of it combined as the sixth best Game Boy/Game Boy Color video game, praising it for its new Pokémon, features, and full-color graphics.[37]

Overall, Gold and Silver were stated to be solid gaming additions that would please a large audience. "After playing the game dozens of hours, I really can't think of a bad point to make about Pokémon Gold and Silver. Nintendo and Game Freak have tweaked the original and built a sequel that's long, challenging and tremendous fun to play. There's a reason why Pokémon is so popular, and Pokémon Gold and Silver is going to help the series move further into the 21st century" said Harris.[2]

Sequels and remakes

Pokémon Crystal

Pokémon Crystal​ (ポケットモンスター クリスタルバージョン Poketto Monsutā Kurisutaru Bājon,? "Pocket Monsters: Crystal Version"), for the Game Boy Color, is the seventh game in the Pokémon video game series in Japan, and the sixth in North America and Europe. The game is an updated version of the previous two versions, Pokémon Gold and Silver, and was released in Japan on December 14, 2000. It was released in North America on July 29, 2001 and in Europe on November 1, 2001.[38][39]

The plot and gameplay of Pokémon Crystal is largely the same as in Gold and Silver, although it holds new features. It is the first game to allow players to choose the sex of their character, while previously the character was always male. Pokémon have animated sprites; for example, when a Cyndaquil enters battle, the flames on its back flicker. This feature returned in Emerald, Diamond, Pearl, and Platinum. In addition, a couple of subplots were added, one involving the legendary Pokémon Suicune, featured on the front cover of the game,[40] and the other involving the Unown. The game's biggest addition was the Battle Tower, a new building which allows players to participate in Pokémon Stadium-like fights.[39] A feature exclusive to the Japanese version of Crystal allows the player to link up with others through the use of a mobile phone.[41]

Pokémon Crystal was received fairly well by critics, obtaining an aggregate score of 80% on Game Rankings,[42] but most commented that there were just not enough new additions and features to significantly set it apart from Pokémon Gold and Silver. "The final (hopefully) Game Boy Color edition is definitely the version to get if you aren't already one of the upteenth [sic] billion owners of [the previous games], with Crystal's slight updates to the design and graphics. But there's not much in this edition that makes it a "must buy" for folks who already own a copy or two of the previous editions," said Craig Harris of IGN who still gave the game an "outstanding" 9 out of 10.[39]

Pokémon HeartGold and SoulSilver

Pokémon HeartGold​ (ポケットモンスター ハートゴールド Poketto Monsutā Hātogōrudo,? "Pocket Monsters HeartGold") and Pokémon SoulSilver​ (ポケットモンスター ソウルシルバー Poketto Monsutā Sōrushirubā,? "Pocket Monsters SoulSilver") are enhanced remakes of the 1999 Pokémon Gold and Silver video games, developed by Game Freak for the Nintendo DS. They were released on September 12, 2009 in Japan,[43] and was released on March 14, 2010 in North America, March 25, 2010 in Australia and March 26, 2010 in Europe.

Like the originals, HeartGold and SoulSilver are set in the Johto region.[44] The games also contain the Kanto region from the previous games.[45]

See also

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 "Pokemon Gold for Game Boy Color". GameSpot. http://www.gamespot.com/gbc/rpg/pokemongold/similar.html?mode=versions. Retrieved 2009-08-09. 
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 Harris, Craig (2000-10-16). "Pokemon Gold Version Review". IGN. http://gameboy.ign.com/articles/162/162865p1.html. Retrieved 2008-06-28. 
  3. ↑ "Pokemon Gold and Silver Strategy Guide (page 10)". IGN. http://guidesarchive.ign.com/guides/12865/10.html. Retrieved 2008-06-28. 
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 "Pokemon Gold and Silver Strategy Guide basics". IGN. http://guidesarchive.ign.com/guides/12865/basics.html. Retrieved 2008-06-28. 
  5. ↑ "Pokemon Gold and Silver Strategy Guide items". IGN. http://guidesarchive.ign.com/guides/12865/items.html. Retrieved 2008-06-30. 
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 "Pokemon Gold and Silver Strategy Guide (page 3)". IGN. http://guidesarchive.ign.com/guides/12865/3.html. Retrieved 2008-06-30. 
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 "Pokemon Gold and Silver Strategy Guide (page 1)". IGN. http://guidesarchive.ign.com/guides/12865/1.html. Retrieved 2008-07-06. 
  8. ↑ "Pokemon Gold and Silver Strategy Guide (page 5)". IGN. http://guidesarchive.ign.com/guides/12865/5.html. Retrieved 2008-06-30. 
  9. ↑ Gudmundson, Carolyn. "Shiny Pokemon Guide". GamesRadar. http://www.gamesradar.com/ds/pokemon-diamond-pearl/news/shiny-pokemon-guide/a-2007091912145600054/g-2006100415372930075. Retrieved 2008-06-30. 
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 Povo, Frank (2000-02-03). "Pokemon Gold for Game Boy Color Review (page 1)". GameSpot. http://www.gamespot.com/gbc/rpg/pokemongold/review.html. Retrieved 2008-06-28. 
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 Povo, Frank (2000-02-03). "Pokemon Gold for Game Boy Color Review (page 2)". GameSpot. http://www.gamespot.com/gbc/rpg/pokemongold/review.html?page=2. Retrieved 2008-06-30. 
  12. ↑ "Pokemon Gold and Silver Strategy Guide breeding". IGN. http://guidesarchive.ign.com/guides/12865/breeding.html. Retrieved 2008-07-06. 
  13. ↑ "Pokemon Gold and Silver Strategy Guide (page 6)". IGN. http://guidesarchive.ign.com/guides/12865/6.html. Retrieved 2008-07-06. 
  14. ↑ "Pokemon Gold and Silver Strategy Guide (page 14)". IGN. http://guidesarchive.ign.com/guides/12865/14.html. Retrieved 2008-06-28. 
  15. ↑ IGN Staff (1999-08-27). "Eye on Pokemon Gold and Silver". IGN. http://gameboy.ign.com/articles/069/069956p1.html. Retrieved 2009-07-25. 
  16. ↑ IGN Staff (2000-02-09). "ABC News Pokémon Chat Transcript". IGN. http://gameboy.ign.com/articles/074/074973p1.html. Retrieved 2009-07-26. 
  17. ↑ IGN Staff (2000-06-16). "Serebii, I Choose You!". IGN. http://gameboy.ign.com/articles/081/081008p1.html. Retrieved 2009-08-02. 
  18. ↑ IGN Staff (1999-09-10). "Gold and Silver Get a Date". IGN. http://gameboy.ign.com/articles/070/070278p1.html. Retrieved 2009-07-25. 
  19. ↑ IGN Staff (1999-10-15). "The Pocket Pikachu Color". IGN. http://gameboy.ign.com/articles/071/071278p1.html. Retrieved 2009-07-25. 
  20. ↑ IGN Staff (1999-10-26). "The Pikachu Link". IGN. http://gameboy.ign.com/articles/071/071554p1.html. Retrieved 2009-07-25. 
  21. ↑ IGN Staff (1999-10-04). "Prepping the Pokémon". IGN. http://gameboy.ign.com/articles/070/070982p1.html. Retrieved 2009-07-25. 
  22. ↑ IGN Staff (1999-10-28). "Quake Causes Pokémon Shortage". IGN. http://gameboy.ign.com/articles/071/071643p1.html. Retrieved 2009-07-26. 
  23. ↑ IGN Staff (2000-02-09). "Pokémon 2000 at the Toy Fair". IGN. http://gameboy.ign.com/articles/075/075010p1.html. Retrieved 2009-08-02. 
  24. ↑ IGN Staff (2000-09-21). "Lugia Visits IGNpocket". IGN. http://gameboy.ign.com/articles/085/085323p1.html. Retrieved 2009-08-08. 
  25. ↑ IGN Staff (2000-04-05). "Pokémon GS to hit Kids' WB". IGN. http://gameboy.ign.com/articles/077/077598p1.html. 
  26. ↑ IGN Staff (2000-09-20). "Pokémon Gold and Silver Sites Live". IGN. http://gameboy.ign.com/articles/085/085267p1.html. Retrieved 2009-08-02. 
  27. ↑ IGN Staff (2000-05-11). "Pokémon Names Will Come". IGN. http://gameboy.ign.com/articles/079/079356p1.html. Retrieved 2009-08-02. 
  28. ↑ IGN Staff (2000-05-08). "Pokémon Gold and Silver Release Date". IGN. http://gameboy.ign.com/articles/079/079053p1.html. Retrieved 2009-08-08. 
  29. ↑ 29.0 29.1 IGN Staff (2000-08-29). "Huge Pokémon Numbers". IGN. http://gameboy.ign.com/articles/085/085733p1.html. Retrieved 2009-08-08. 
  30. ↑ IGN Staff (2000-09-28). "Pokémon Desktop Available". IGN. http://gameboy.ign.com/articles/085/085734p1.html. Retrieved 2009-08-08. 
  31. ↑ IGN Staff (2000-10-11). "Pokémon Gold/Silver Out Early". IGN. http://gameboy.ign.com/articles/086/086220p1.html. Retrieved 2009-08-08. 
  32. ↑ 32.0 32.1 "Pokemon Gold Reviews". Game Rankings. http://www.gamerankings.com/htmlpages2/198308.asp. Retrieved 2008-07-05. 
  33. ↑ "Pokemon Franchise Approaches 150 Million Games Sold". PR Newswire. Nintendo. 4 October 2005. http://www2.prnewswire.com/cgi-bin/stories.pl?ACCT=104&STORY=/www/story/10-04-2005/0004159206&EDATE=. 
  34. ↑ IGN Staff (2000-04-03). "The Poke-Phenomenon Continues". IGN. http://gameboy.ign.com/articles/077/077439p1.html. Retrieved 2009-08-02. 
  35. ↑ IGN Staff (2000-10-23). "Pokémon Goes Platinum". IGN. http://gameboy.ign.com/articles/086/086771p1.html. Retrieved 2009-08-08. 
  36. ↑ 36.0 36.1 "Latest Pokemon Games Surpass One Million Sales in First Week; Pokemon Gold And Silver Sales For Game Boy Color Break U.S. Video Game Sales Record". bNET. 2000-10-23. http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0EIN/is_2000_Oct_23/ai_66267473. Retrieved 2008-07-05. 
  37. ↑ (Magazine) Nintendo Power - The 20th Anniversary Issue!. Nintendo Power. 231. San Francisco, California: Future US. August 2008. p. 72. 
  38. ↑ "Pokemon Crystal Info". GameFAQs. http://www.gamefaqs.com/portable/gbcolor/data/375087.html. Retrieved 2008-07-05. 
  39. ↑ 39.0 39.1 39.2 Harris, Craig (2001-07-30). "Pokemon Crystal Version Review". IGN. http://gameboy.ign.com/articles/165/165402p1.html. Retrieved 2008-07-05. 
  40. ↑ Povo, Frank (2001-07-30). "Pokemon Crystal for Game Boy Color Review". GameSpot. http://www.gamespot.com/gbc/rpg/pokemoncrystal/review.html?om_act=convert&om_clk=gssummary&tag=summary%3Breview&page=2. Retrieved 2008-07-05. 
  41. ↑ Nix, Marc (2000-12-11). "Pokemon Crystal Version Preview". IGN. http://gameboy.ign.com/articles/135/135402p1.html. Retrieved 2008-07-06. 
  42. ↑ "Pokemon Crystal Reviews". Game Rankings. http://www.gamerankings.com/htmlpages2/375087.asp. Retrieved 2008-07-05. 
  43. ↑ Noble, McKinley (2009-05-08). "Pokemon HeartGold and SoulSilver confirmed for DS in 2009". ComputerWorld. http://news.idg.no/cw/art.cfm?id=221D84C3-1A64-6A71-CE9115735E86EB1E. Retrieved 2009-05-11. 
  44. ↑ Masuda, Junichi (2009-05-27). "Hidden Power of Masuda". Game Freak. http://www.gamefreak.co.jp/blog/dir_english/?p=182. Retrieved 2009-08-08. 
  45. ↑ Vuckovic, Daniel (2009-08-02). "Kanto region confirmed for Pokemon Heart Gold and Soul Silver". Vooks. http://www.vooks.net/story-18280-Kanto-region-confirmed-for-Pokemon-Heart-Gold-and-Soul-Silver.html. Retrieved 2010-03-13. 

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